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We anticipate that the cost of revenue will increase in dollar amount for the foreseeable future as we expand
our data center capacity to support user growth, increased user engagement, and the delivery of new products and
offerings. The expected increase in cost of revenue may be partially mitigated to the extent we are able to realize
improvements in server performance and the efficiency of our technical operations. We expect cost of revenue in
absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue to increase in 2013 compared to 2012 due to our investment in
technical infrastructure.
Research and development
Year Ended December 31,
2011 to 2012
% Change
2010 to 2011
% Change
2012
2011
2010
(dollars in millions)
Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$1,399
$388
$144
261%
169%
Percentage of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27%
10%
7%
2012 Compared to 2011. Research and development expenses in 2012 increased $1.01 billion, or 261%,
compared to 2011. The increase was primarily due to an increase in share-based compensation expense of $729
million in 2012 resulting primarily from the recognition of expenses related to Pre-2011 RSUs triggered by the
completion of our IPO in May 2012 and, to a lesser extent, Post-2011 RSUs. Payroll and benefits expense also
increased due to a 73% growth in employee headcount in engineering, design, product management, and other
technical functions. This investment supported our efforts to improve existing products and build new products
for users, developers, and marketers.
2011 Compared to 2010. Research and development expenses in 2011 increased $244 million, or 169%,
compared to 2010. The increase was primarily due to an increase from $9 million in 2010 to $114 million in
2011 for share-based compensation expense related to Post-2011 RSUs. Payroll and benefits expense also
increased due to a 57% growth in employee headcount in engineering, design, product management, and other
technical functions. This investment supported our efforts to improve existing products and build new products
for users, developers, and marketers.
In 2013, we plan to continue rapidly hiring engineering, design, product management, and other technical
employees. However, we expect research and development expenses will rise in 2013 at a lower rate than it rose
in 2012 due to the large share-based compensation expense in the second quarter of 2012 associated with Pre-
2011 RSUs triggered by the completion of our IPO.
Marketing and sales
Year Ended December 31,
2011 to 2012
% Change
2010 to 2011
% Change
2012
2011
2010
(dollars in millions)
Marketing and sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
896
393
167
128%
135%
Percentage of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18%
11%
8%
2012 Compared to 2011. Marketing and sales expenses in 2012 increased $503 million, or 128%, compared
to 2011. The increase was primarily due to an increase in share-based compensation expense of $269 million in
2012 resulting primarily from the recognition of expenses related to Pre-2011 RSUs triggered by the completion
of our IPO in May 2012 and, to a lesser extent, Post-2011 RSUs. Payroll and benefits expenses also increased
due to a 19% increase in employee headcount to support global sales, business development and customer
service. An increase in our user-, developer-, and advertiser-facing marketing expense also contributed to the
increase in 2012.
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